Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific
Monograph 1: The Philippines at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century

Malcolm W. Mintz


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THE PHILIPPINES AT THE TURN OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
with particular reference to the Bikol region


CONTENTS

    INTRODUCTION


    Chapter 1:
    War and Conflict
    1. Weapons
    2. Shields and Protective Clothing
    3. Wounding and Dying
    4. Piracy and Boats
    5. Defence and Offence
    6. Captives, Subjugation and Tribute
    7. Conclusion

    Chapter 2:
    Food
    1. Drinking Customs
      1. Alcoholic Beverages
      2. Tubá'
      3. Pangási
      4. Intós
    1. Food Scarcity
    2. Food in Business Transactions
    3. Food, Ritual and Healing
    4. Food and Social Behaviour
      1. Invitations
      2. Sharing
      3. Social Stratification
      4. Serving
    1. Food and Personal Behaviour
    2. Conclusion

    Chapter 3:
    Christianity
    1. The Coming of the Spanish
    2. Arrival of the Religious Orders
    3. The Encomienda System
    4. Marcos de Lisboa and the Vocabulario de la lengua Bicol
    5. Early Religious Beliefs
    6. The Introduction of Christianity
      1. Baptism
      2. Confession and Communion
      3. Sins and Sinners
      4. Heaven, Hell and the Devil
      5. Exorcism and Salvation
    1. A New System of Worship
      1. God
      2. Christ and the Apostles
      3. Death and Resurrection
      4. Sermons and Teachings
      5. Prayer
      6. Homage and Supplication
      7. Saints, Spirits and Priests
    1. Religious Observations and Celebrations
    2. Places of Worship
      1. The Church and Mass
      2. Construction and Decoration of the Church
      3. The Altar and Religions Objects
    1. Conclusion

    Chapter 4:
    Crime and Punishment
    1. Social Stratification
    2. Laws and Jurisdiction
    3. Civil Disputes and Criminal Cases
      • 1. Civil Disputes
        1. Insults
        2. Adultery
        3. Trade and Deception
        4. Defaulting on Loans
      • 2. Criminal Cases
        1. Piracy and Plunder
        2. Theft
        3. Assaults and Murder
    1. Punishment and Incarceration
    2. Administration of Justice
      1. Trials
      2. Trial by Ordeal
      3. Miscarriage of Justice
    1. Conclusion

    Chapter 5:
    Childhood
    1. Population
    2. Marriage and Children
    3. Pregnancy and Birth
    4. Nursing, Weaning and the First Solid Food
    5. Circumcision
    6. Head Flattening
    7. Naming
    8. Stages of Development
    9. Ceremonies and Beliefs
    10. Interacting with the Child
      1. Caring for the Child
      2. Endearing Expressions and Actions
      3. Carying and Lifting
      4. The Lack of Care
      5. Discipline
      6. Tantrums and Crying
    1. Orphans and Adoption
    2. Death, Sickness and Health
    3. Recreation
    4. Conclusion

    Chapter 6:
    Rice
    1. Lowland Rice Cultivation
      1. Establishing the Fields
      2. Varieties of Rice
    1. Preparing the Fields
      1. Clearing the Fields
      2. Working the Fields
      3. Irrrigation
    1. The Cycle of Cultivation
      1. Overview
      2. Sowing and Germination
      3. Transplanting
      4. Anmals, Birds, Insects and Vermin
      5. The Maturing Rice
    1. The Harvest
      1. Gathering Rice from the Field
      2. Threshing
      3. Drying
      4. Pounding
      5. Winnowing
      6. Milling
    1. Storage and Transportation
    2. Consuming the Rice
      1. Cooking
      2. Serving and Eating
    1. Measures and Transactions
    2. Conclusion

    Chapter 7:
    Money, Weights and Measures
    1. Currency
      1. Spanish Terms
      2. Bikol Terms
    1. Gold
    2. Weights and Balances
    3. Numbers and Counting
      1. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
      2. Counting
      3. Numerical Classifiers
    1. Linear Measurement
    2. Volume
    3. Conclusion




    Chapter 8:
    Jewellery and Body Ornamentation
    1. Tattoos
    2. Tooth Decoration
    3. Hair and Head Coverings
    4. Finery
    5. Necklaces
    6. Earrings
    7. Bracelets, Armbands and Anklets
    8. Rings
    9. Chains
    10. Conclusion

    Chapter 9:
    Metals and Metalworking
    1. Gold
      1. Types and Attributes
      2. Deception
      3. Quality Testing
      4. Mining
    1. Other Metals
      1. Silver
      2. Lead and Tin
      3. Iron
      4. Copper, Brass and Bronze
    1. Smelting
      1. Iron Smelting
      2. Copper Smelting
    1. Charcoal
    2. The Fire
    3. The Bellows
    4. Refining
    5. Craftsmen and Their Tools
    6. Tempering and Hardening
    7. Forging
    8. Inlay and Gilding
    9. Soldering and Welding
    10. Metal Threads and Wires
    11. Working with Gold
    12. Conclusion

    Chapter 10:
    Health and Personal Hygiene
    1. Bathing
    2. The Call of Nature
      1. Defecating
      2. Passing Wind
      3. Urinating
    1. Head and Body Lice
    2. Oral Hygiene
      1. The Breath
      2. The Teeth
      3. The Mouth and Lips
    1. The Ears and Eyes
      1. The Ears
      2. The Eyes
    1. The Hands and Feet
      1. Disability
      2. Skin Ailments
      3. Calluses and Blisters
    1. Abscesses, Boils and Ulcers
    2. Wounds
    3. Medicine and Medicinal Plants
    4. Medical Implements
    5. Sickness and Health
    6. Course of an Illness
    7. Care and Treatment
    8. Other Ailments
      1. Allergies and Asthma
      2. Edema or Dropsy
      3. Stroke and Epilepsy
      4. Hernia and Bleeding
      5. Coughs and Colds
    1. Conclusion

    Chapter 11:
    Fibre, Cloth and Clothing
    1. Abaca
      1. Description
      2. Cutting
      3. Cleaning
      4. Selection of Fibres
      5. Preparation for Weaving
    1. Other Fibres
    2. Weaving
      1. The Loom
      2. The Process
      3. Problems
      4. Finishing and Treatment
    1. Cloth
    2. Dying
    3. Sewing
      1. Stitching
      2. Embroidering
      3. Tailoring
    1. Clothing
      1. Garments
      2. Blankets
      3. Dressing
      4. Suitability
      5. Condition
      6. Washing and Storage
    1. Headwear
      1. Hats
      2. Other Head Coverings
    1. Conclusion

    Chapter 12:
    Stars and Seasons
    1. The Heavens
      1. Planets
      2. Comets and Meteors
      3. Constellations
      4. The Earth and Sky
      5. The Sun and Moon
    1. Tides
    2. Weather
    3. Winds
      1. Seasonal
      2. Storms
    1. Clouds
    2. Rain
    3. Conclusion

    Chapter 13:
    Status and Social Conflict
    1. The Ruling Class
      1. Rulers
      2. The Elite
      3. Titles
      4. Death and Burial
    1. Freemen
    2. Slaves
    3. Poverty
    4. Class Relationships
    5. Social Conflict
      1. Irony and Sarcasm
      2. Arguments
      3. Debates
      4. Provocations
      5. Reconciliation
      6. Reprimands and Blame
      7. Annoyance and Offence
      8. Anger
      9. Challenges and Threats
    1. Conclusion

    Chapter 14:
    Construction and Infrastructure
    1. Infrastructure
      1. Roads and Trails
      2. Springs and Wells
    1. Tools
      1. Saws
      2. Lathes
      3. Planes
      4. Files and Abrasives
      5. Drills, Augurs, Chisels, Punches and Awls
      6. Axes and Adzes
      7. Knives, Bolos and Blades
      8. Scissors and Tin Snips
      9. Hammers, Mallets and Nails
      10. Tongs and Clamps
      11. Pulleys and Wedges







    1. Wood
      1. Suitable for House Posts
      2. Of Good Quality
    1. Shelters
      1. Temporary
      2. Permanent
    1. The House
      1. The Main Sections
      2. Stairs and Ladders
      3. Doors and Windows
      4. Enclosures
    1. Construction
      1. Planning
      2. Preparing the Wood
      3. The Framework
      4. The Roof
      5. The Walls
      6. The Floor
      7. Joining and Lashing
      8. Quality and Finish
      9. Ruin and Disrepair
    1. Conclusion

    Chapter 15:
    Arts and Language
    1. Musical Instruments
      1. Bells and Gongs
      2. Rhythm Sticks
      3. Drums
      4. Wind Instruments
      5. String Instruments
    1. Dance
    1. Songs and Verses
      1. Of Religion
      2. Of Births and Deaths
      3. Of Leisure
      4. Of Work
      5. Poetic Forms
    1. Narratives
    2. Conversations
    3. Language
    4. The Alphabet and Writing
    5. Paiinting and Sculpture
    6. Conclusion

    Chapter 16:
    Towns, Trade and Travel
    1. Quipayó
      1. Quipayó and Nueva Cáceres
      2. Localised Terms
      3. Identifying Named Locations
    1. Towns
      1. Population
      2. Residency
      3. Cooperation and Conflict
    1. Trade
    1. Travel
      1. Dangers, Companions and Guides
      2. Motivation
      3. Provisions
      4. Departures
      5. Breaking the Journey
      6. Routes
    1. Conclusion


    Chapter 17:
    Hunting and Trapping
    1. Guns
    2. Darts and Blowguns
    3. Bows and Arrows
    4. Spears and Lances
    5. Snares and Traps
      1. Types
      2. Rats and Mice
      3. Wild Boar
      4. Wild Buffalo
      5. Deer
      6. Civet Cats
      7. Crocodiles
      8. Birds and Fowl
    1. Nets
    2. Hunting
    3. Dogs
    4. Conclusion


    Chapter 18:
    Kinship and Marriage
    1. Kinship
      1. Relationships
      2. Chilrden and Siblings
      3. Parents
      4. Aunts and Uncles
      5. Grandparents
      6. In-laws
    1. Inherited Characteristics
    2. Care and Respect
    3. Adolescence
    4. Marriage
      1. Proposals
      2. Dowry
      3. Ceremony
      4. Polygamy
      5. Incest
      6. Mistresses and Concubines
      7. Sexual Attraction
      8. Adultery
      9. Problems
      10. Separation and Divorce
    1. Conclusion


    Chapter 19:
    Fishing
    1. Primary Food Source
    2. Finding the Fish
    3. Spears
    4. Hook and Line
    5. Using the Hands
    6. Poisons
    7. Baskets and Traps
    8. Corrals
    9. Nets
    10. Cleaning
    11. Consumption
    12. Conclusion


    Chapter 20:
    Boats and Navigation
    1. Passengers and Crew
    2. The Boats
    3. Construction
    4. Faults and Repair
    5. Outriggers
    6. Benches and Covers
    7. Shelters
    8. Sails and Rigging
    9. Rowing
      1. Oars
      2. Rowers
      3. Styles
      4. Steering
      5. Sounds
      6. Poles
      7. Songs
    1. Navigation
    2. Journeys
    3. Docking and Departing
    4. Damage and Loss
    5. Grounding
    6. Cargo
    7. Combat
    8. Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Published with the support of Gender and Cultural Studies, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University.
URL: http://intersections.anu.edu.au/monograph1_contents.html
© Copyright
Page constructed by Malcolm Mintz and Carolyn Brewer.
Last modified: 29 February 2025 1338